aha

Assets/Mirror/Examples/LagCompensation/Capture2D.cs

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+using UnityEngine;
+
+namespace Mirror.Examples.LagCompensationDemo
+{
+    public struct Capture2D : Capture
+    {
+        public double timestamp { get; set; }
+        public Vector2 position;
+        public Vector2 size;
+
+        public Capture2D(double timestamp, Vector2 position, Vector2 size)
+        {
+            this.timestamp = timestamp;
+            this.position = position;
+            this.size = size;
+        }
+
+        public void DrawGizmo()
+        {
+            Gizmos.DrawWireCube(position, size);
+        }
+
+        public static Capture2D Interpolate(Capture2D from, Capture2D to, double t) =>
+            new Capture2D(
+                0, // interpolated snapshot is applied directly. don't need timestamps.
+                Vector2.LerpUnclamped(from.position, to.position, (float)t),
+                Vector2.LerpUnclamped(from.size, to.size, (float)t)
+            );
+
+        public override string ToString() => $"(time={timestamp} pos={position} size={size})";
+    }
+}

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Assets/Mirror/Examples/LagCompensation/ClientCube.cs

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+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using UnityEngine;
+
+namespace Mirror.Examples.LagCompensationDemo
+{
+    public class ClientCube : MonoBehaviour
+    {
+        [Header("Components")]
+        public ServerCube server;
+        public Renderer render;
+
+        [Header("Toggle")]
+        public bool interpolate = true;
+
+        // snapshot interpolation settings
+        [Header("Snapshot Interpolation")]
+        public SnapshotInterpolationSettings snapshotSettings =
+            new SnapshotInterpolationSettings();
+
+        // runtime settings
+        public double bufferTime => server.sendInterval * snapshotSettings.bufferTimeMultiplier;
+
+        // <servertime, snaps>
+        public SortedList<double, Snapshot3D> snapshots = new SortedList<double, Snapshot3D>();
+
+        // for smooth interpolation, we need to interpolate along server time.
+        // any other time (arrival on client, client local time, etc.) is not
+        // going to give smooth results.
+        internal double localTimeline;
+
+        // catchup / slowdown adjustments are applied to timescale,
+        // to be adjusted in every update instead of when receiving messages.
+        double localTimescale = 1;
+
+        // we use EMA to average the last second worth of snapshot time diffs.
+        // manually averaging the last second worth of values with a for loop
+        // would be the same, but a moving average is faster because we only
+        // ever add one value.
+        ExponentialMovingAverage driftEma;
+        ExponentialMovingAverage deliveryTimeEma; // average delivery time (standard deviation gives average jitter)
+
+        // debugging ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        [Header("Debug")]
+        public Color hitColor      = Color.blue;
+        public Color missedColor   = Color.magenta;
+        public Color originalColor = Color.black;
+
+        [Header("Simulation")]
+        bool lowFpsMode;
+        double accumulatedDeltaTime;
+
+        void Awake()
+        {
+            // defaultColor = render.sharedMaterial.color;
+
+            // initialize EMA with 'emaDuration' seconds worth of history.
+            // 1 second holds 'sendRate' worth of values.
+            // multiplied by emaDuration gives n-seconds.
+            driftEma = new ExponentialMovingAverage(server.sendRate * snapshotSettings.driftEmaDuration);
+            deliveryTimeEma = new ExponentialMovingAverage(server.sendRate * snapshotSettings.deliveryTimeEmaDuration);
+        }
+
+        // add snapshot & initialize client interpolation time if needed
+        public void OnMessage(Snapshot3D snap)
+        {
+            // set local timestamp (= when it was received on our end)
+            // Unity 2019 doesn't have Time.timeAsDouble yet
+            snap.localTime = NetworkTime.localTime;
+
+            // (optional) dynamic adjustment
+            if (snapshotSettings.dynamicAdjustment)
+            {
+                // set bufferTime on the fly.
+                // shows in inspector for easier debugging :)
+                snapshotSettings.bufferTimeMultiplier = SnapshotInterpolation.DynamicAdjustment(
+                    server.sendInterval,
+                    deliveryTimeEma.StandardDeviation,
+                    snapshotSettings.dynamicAdjustmentTolerance
+                );
+            }
+
+            // insert into the buffer & initialize / adjust / catchup
+            SnapshotInterpolation.InsertAndAdjust(
+                snapshots,
+                snapshotSettings.bufferLimit,
+                snap,
+                ref localTimeline,
+                ref localTimescale,
+                server.sendInterval,
+                bufferTime,
+                snapshotSettings.catchupSpeed,
+                snapshotSettings.slowdownSpeed,
+                ref driftEma,
+                snapshotSettings.catchupNegativeThreshold,
+                snapshotSettings.catchupPositiveThreshold,
+                ref deliveryTimeEma);
+        }
+
+        void Update()
+        {
+            // accumulated delta allows us to simulate correct low fps + deltaTime
+            // if necessary in client low fps mode.
+            accumulatedDeltaTime += Time.unscaledDeltaTime;
+
+            // simulate low fps mode. only update once per second.
+            // to simulate webgl background tabs, etc.
+            // after a while, disable low fps mode and see how it behaves.
+            if (lowFpsMode && accumulatedDeltaTime < 1) return;
+
+            // only while we have snapshots.
+            // timeline starts when the first snapshot arrives.
+            if (snapshots.Count > 0)
+            {
+                // snapshot interpolation
+                if (interpolate)
+                {
+                    // step
+                    SnapshotInterpolation.Step(
+                        snapshots,
+                        // accumulate delta is Time.unscaledDeltaTime normally.
+                        // and sum of past 10 delta's in low fps mode.
+                        accumulatedDeltaTime,
+                        ref localTimeline,
+                        localTimescale,
+                        out Snapshot3D fromSnapshot,
+                        out Snapshot3D toSnapshot,
+                        out double t);
+
+                    // interpolate & apply
+                    Snapshot3D computed = Snapshot3D.Interpolate(fromSnapshot, toSnapshot, t);
+                    transform.position = computed.position;
+                }
+                // apply raw
+                else
+                {
+                    Snapshot3D snap = snapshots.Values[0];
+                    transform.position = snap.position;
+                    snapshots.RemoveAt(0);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // reset simulation helpers
+            accumulatedDeltaTime = 0;
+        }
+
+        void OnMouseDown()
+        {
+            // send the command.
+            // only x coordinate matters for this simple example.
+            if (server.CmdClicked(transform.position))
+            {
+                Debug.Log($"Click hit!");
+                FlashColor(hitColor);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Debug.Log($"Click missed!");
+                FlashColor(missedColor);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // simple visual indicator for better feedback.
+        // changes the cube's color for a short time.
+        void FlashColor(Color color) =>
+            StartCoroutine(TemporarilyChangeColorToGreen(color));
+
+        IEnumerator TemporarilyChangeColorToGreen(Color color)
+        {
+            Renderer r = GetComponentInChildren<Renderer>();
+            r.material.color = color;
+            yield return new WaitForSeconds(0.2f);
+            r.material.color = originalColor;
+        }
+
+        void OnGUI()
+        {
+            // display buffer size as number for easier debugging.
+            // catchup is displayed as color state in Update() already.
+            const int width = 30; // fit 3 digits
+            const int height = 20;
+            Vector2 screen = Camera.main.WorldToScreenPoint(transform.position);
+            string str = $"{snapshots.Count}";
+            GUI.Label(new Rect(screen.x - width / 2, screen.y - height / 2, width, height), str);
+
+            // client simulation buttons on the bottom of the screen
+            float areaHeight = 150;
+            GUILayout.BeginArea(new Rect(0, Screen.height - areaHeight, Screen.width, areaHeight));
+            GUILayout.Label("Click the black cube. Lag compensation will correct the latency.");
+            GUILayout.BeginHorizontal();
+            GUILayout.Label("Client Simulation:");
+            if (GUILayout.Button((lowFpsMode ? "Disable" : "Enable") + " 1 FPS"))
+            {
+                lowFpsMode = !lowFpsMode;
+            }
+
+            GUILayout.Label("|");
+
+            if (GUILayout.Button("Timeline 10s behind"))
+            {
+                localTimeline -= 10.0;
+            }
+            if (GUILayout.Button("Timeline 1s behind"))
+            {
+                localTimeline -= 1.0;
+            }
+            if (GUILayout.Button("Timeline 0.1s behind"))
+            {
+                localTimeline -= 0.1;
+            }
+
+            GUILayout.Label("|");
+
+            if (GUILayout.Button("Timeline 0.1s ahead"))
+            {
+                localTimeline += 0.1;
+            }
+            if (GUILayout.Button("Timeline 1s ahead"))
+            {
+                localTimeline += 1.0;
+            }
+            if (GUILayout.Button("Timeline 10s ahead"))
+            {
+                localTimeline += 10.0;
+            }
+
+            GUILayout.FlexibleSpace();
+            GUILayout.EndHorizontal();
+            GUILayout.EndArea();
+        }
+
+        void OnValidate()
+        {
+            // thresholds need to be <0 and >0
+            snapshotSettings.catchupNegativeThreshold = Math.Min(snapshotSettings.catchupNegativeThreshold, 0);
+            snapshotSettings.catchupPositiveThreshold = Math.Max(snapshotSettings.catchupPositiveThreshold, 0);
+        }
+    }
+}

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Assets/Mirror/Examples/LagCompensation/ServerCube.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using UnityEngine;
+using UnityEngine.Serialization;
+using Random = UnityEngine.Random;
+
+namespace Mirror.Examples.LagCompensationDemo
+{
+    public class ServerCube : MonoBehaviour
+    {
+        [Header("Components")]
+        public ClientCube client;
+        [FormerlySerializedAs("collider")]
+        public BoxCollider col;
+
+        [Header("Movement")]
+        public float distance = 10;
+        public float speed = 3;
+        Vector3 start;
+
+        [Header("Snapshot Interpolation")]
+        [Tooltip("Send N snapshots per second. Multiples of frame rate make sense.")]
+        public int sendRate = 30; // in Hz. easier to work with as int for EMA. easier to display '30' than '0.333333333'
+        public float sendInterval => 1f / sendRate;
+        float lastSendTime;
+
+        [Header("Lag Compensation")]
+        public LagCompensationSettings lagCompensationSettings = new LagCompensationSettings();
+        double lastCaptureTime;
+
+        // lag compensation history of <timestamp, capture>
+        Queue<KeyValuePair<double, Capture2D>> history = new Queue<KeyValuePair<double, Capture2D>>();
+
+        public Color historyColor = Color.white;
+
+        // store latest lag compensation result to show a visual indicator
+        [Header("Debug")]
+        public double resultDuration = 0.5;
+        double resultTime;
+        Capture2D resultBefore;
+        Capture2D resultAfter;
+        Capture2D resultInterpolated;
+
+        [Header("Latency Simulation")]
+        [Tooltip("Latency in seconds")]
+        public float latency = 0.05f; // 50 ms
+        [Tooltip("Latency jitter, randomly added to latency.")]
+        [Range(0, 1)] public float jitter = 0.05f;
+        [Tooltip("Packet loss in %")]
+        [Range(0, 1)] public float loss = 0.1f;
+        [Tooltip("Scramble % of unreliable messages, just like over the real network. Mirror unreliable is unordered.")]
+        [Range(0, 1)] public float scramble = 0.1f;
+
+        // random
+        // UnityEngine.Random.value is [0, 1] with both upper and lower bounds inclusive
+        // but we need the upper bound to be exclusive, so using System.Random instead.
+        // => NextDouble() is NEVER < 0 so loss=0 never drops!
+        // => NextDouble() is ALWAYS < 1 so loss=1 always drops!
+        System.Random random = new System.Random();
+
+        // hold on to snapshots for a little while before delivering
+        // <deliveryTime, snapshot>
+        List<(double, Snapshot3D)> queue = new List<(double, Snapshot3D)>();
+
+        // latency simulation:
+        // always a fixed value + some jitter.
+        float SimulateLatency() => latency + Random.value * jitter;
+
+        // this is the average without randomness. for lag compensation math.
+        // in a real game, use rtt instead.
+        float AverageLatency() => latency + 0.5f * jitter;
+
+        void Start()
+        {
+            start = transform.position;
+        }
+
+        void Update()
+        {
+            // move on XY plane
+            float x = Mathf.PingPong(Time.time * speed, distance);
+            transform.position = new Vector3(start.x + x, start.y, start.z);
+
+            // broadcast snapshots every interval
+            if (Time.time >= lastSendTime + sendInterval)
+            {
+                Send(transform.position);
+                lastSendTime = Time.time;
+            }
+
+            Flush();
+
+            // capture lag compensation snapshots every interval.
+            // NetworkTime.localTime because Unity 2019 doesn't have 'double' time yet.
+            if (NetworkTime.localTime >= lastCaptureTime + lagCompensationSettings.captureInterval)
+            {
+                lastCaptureTime = NetworkTime.localTime;
+                Capture();
+            }
+        }
+
+        void Send(Vector3 position)
+        {
+            // create snapshot
+            // Unity 2019 doesn't have Time.timeAsDouble yet
+            Snapshot3D snap = new Snapshot3D(NetworkTime.localTime, 0, position);
+
+            // simulate packet loss
+            bool drop = random.NextDouble() < loss;
+            if (!drop)
+            {
+                // simulate scramble (Random.Next is < max, so +1)
+                bool doScramble = random.NextDouble() < scramble;
+                int last = queue.Count;
+                int index = doScramble ? random.Next(0, last + 1) : last;
+
+                // simulate latency
+                float simulatedLatency = SimulateLatency();
+                // Unity 2019 doesn't have Time.timeAsDouble yet
+                double deliveryTime = NetworkTime.localTime + simulatedLatency;
+                queue.Insert(index, (deliveryTime, snap));
+            }
+        }
+
+        void Flush()
+        {
+            // flush ready snapshots to client
+            for (int i = 0; i < queue.Count; ++i)
+            {
+                (double deliveryTime, Snapshot3D snap) = queue[i];
+
+                // Unity 2019 doesn't have Time.timeAsDouble yet
+                if (NetworkTime.localTime >= deliveryTime)
+                {
+                    client.OnMessage(snap);
+                    queue.RemoveAt(i);
+                    --i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void Capture()
+        {
+            // capture current state
+            Capture2D capture = new Capture2D(NetworkTime.localTime, transform.position, col.size);
+
+            // insert into history
+            LagCompensation.Insert(history, lagCompensationSettings.historyLimit, NetworkTime.localTime, capture);
+        }
+
+        // client says: "I was clicked here, at this time."
+        // server needs to rollback to validate.
+        // timestamp is the client's snapshot interpolated timeline!
+        public bool CmdClicked(Vector2 position)
+        {
+            // never trust the client: estimate client time instead.
+            // https://developer.valvesoftware.com/wiki/Source_Multiplayer_Networking
+            // the estimation is very good. the error is as low as ~6ms for the demo.
+            double rtt = AverageLatency() * 2; // the function needs rtt, which is latency * 2
+            double estimatedTime = LagCompensation.EstimateTime(NetworkTime.localTime, rtt, client.bufferTime);
+
+            // compare estimated time with actual client time for debugging
+            double error = Math.Abs(estimatedTime - client.localTimeline);
+            Debug.Log($"CmdClicked: serverTime={NetworkTime.localTime:F3} clientTime={client.localTimeline:F3} estimatedTime={estimatedTime:F3} estimationError={error:F3} position={position}");
+
+            // sample the history to get the nearest snapshots around 'timestamp'
+            if (LagCompensation.Sample(history, estimatedTime, lagCompensationSettings.captureInterval, out resultBefore, out resultAfter, out double t))
+            {
+                // interpolate to get a decent estimation at exactly 'timestamp'
+                resultInterpolated = Capture2D.Interpolate(resultBefore, resultAfter, t);
+                resultTime = NetworkTime.localTime;
+
+                // check if there really was a cube at that time and position
+                Bounds bounds = new Bounds(resultInterpolated.position, resultInterpolated.size);
+                if (bounds.Contains(position))
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+                else Debug.Log($"CmdClicked: interpolated={resultInterpolated} doesn't contain {position}");
+            }
+            else Debug.Log($"CmdClicked: history doesn't contain {estimatedTime:F3}");
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        void OnDrawGizmos()
+        {
+            // should we apply special colors to an active result?
+            bool showResult = NetworkTime.localTime <= resultTime + resultDuration;
+
+            // draw interpoalted result first.
+            // history meshcubes should write over it for better visibility.
+            if (showResult)
+            {
+                Gizmos.color = Color.black;
+                Gizmos.DrawCube(resultInterpolated.position, resultInterpolated.size);
+            }
+
+            // draw history
+            Gizmos.color = historyColor;
+            LagCompensation.DrawGizmos(history);
+
+            // draw result samples after. useful to see the selection process.
+            if (showResult)
+            {
+                Gizmos.color = Color.cyan;
+                Gizmos.DrawWireCube(resultBefore.position, resultBefore.size);
+                Gizmos.DrawWireCube(resultAfter.position, resultAfter.size);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

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Assets/Mirror/Examples/LagCompensation/Snapshot3D.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// a simple snapshot with timestamp & interpolation
+using UnityEngine;
+
+namespace Mirror.Examples.LagCompensationDemo
+{
+    public struct Snapshot3D : Snapshot
+    {
+        public double remoteTime { get; set; }
+        public double localTime { get; set; }
+        public Vector3 position;
+
+        public Snapshot3D(double remoteTime, double localTime, Vector3 position)
+        {
+            this.remoteTime = remoteTime;
+            this.localTime = localTime;
+            this.position = position;
+        }
+
+        public static Snapshot3D Interpolate(Snapshot3D from, Snapshot3D to, double t) =>
+            new Snapshot3D(
+                // interpolated snapshot is applied directly. don't need timestamps.
+                0, 0,
+                // lerp unclamped in case we ever need to extrapolate.
+                Vector3.LerpUnclamped(from.position, to.position, (float)t));
+    }
+}

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Assets/Mirror/Examples/LagCompensation/_DISABLE VSYNC_

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+otherwise it may not look entirely smooth.
+even on 120 hz.

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Assets/Mirror/Examples/LagCompensation/_README.txt

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+Rollback / Lag Compensation is a standalone, Unity / netcode independent algorithm.
+This is a simple demo to test it, without Mirror.
+We want this to be usable in all game engines.
+
+The demo intentionally introduces latency so that server / client cubes are
+at different positions when clicking.

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